Definition
Rectangular Survey System (Government Rectangular Survey System): A standardized method of dividing and describing land predominantly used in the United States, it employs a grid system with principal meridians and baselines to organize land into rectangular parcels. Established by the Land Ordinance of 1785, it replaced the previously inconsistent system of metes and bounds, facilitating the sale and transfer of land in a more orderly manner. The system divides land into townships and sections that are easier to survey and identify.
Examples
- Township Identification: Each township, typically a 6-mile by 6-mile square, is located using meridian (north-south lines) and baseline (east-west lines) coordinates.
- Section Sampling: Each township is further divided into 36 sections, each one-mile square containing 640 acres. Sections can be subdivided into quarter sections of 160 acres, quarter-quarter sections of 40 acres, and so on.
- Land Sale Context: A parcel described as the “Northwest Quarter of Section 10, Township 2 South, Range 3 West of the 4th Principal Meridian” informs a precise location following the grid method in real estate contracts.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1: What is the purpose of the Rectangular Survey System?
A1: The main purpose is to provide a systematic and universally applicable method to describe and manage land for sales, transfers, and legal documentation.
Q2: How are the principal meridians and baselines defined?
A2: Principal meridians run north-south, and baselines run east-west. These standard lines are used to create the grid framework across states for further subdivision into townships and sections.
Q3: Can you use the Rectangular Survey System for irregular land parcels?
A3: Typically, the system is ideal for regular land parcels. However, special surveys and adjustments are made for irregular parcels or when natural features interfere.
Q4: Are all U.S. states covered under the Rectangular Survey System?
A4: Most, but not all U.S. states, utilize the Rectangular Survey System. The eastern states primarily use the older system of metes and bounds.
Q5: Why might someone encounter discrepancies when using the Rectangular Survey System?
A5: Discrepancies can arise from human error, natural changes in the landscape, or previous inaccurate surveys. Professional surveys and cross-referencing current data can help mitigate these issues.
Related Terms
- Meridians: North-south lines used as references in the Rectangular Survey System to help locate land parcels.
- Baselines: East-west lines used in conjunction with meridians to create the primary grid.
- Township: A square unit of land approximately six miles on each side, containing 36 sections in the Rectangular Survey System.
- Section: A unit of land approximately one mile on each side (640 acres), forming part of a township.
- Range: The east-west row of townships in the Rectangular Survey System signifying a township’s location relative to a principal meridian.
- Quadrangle: Another term for a township in the context of the Rectangular Survey System.
Online Resources
- U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Cadastral Survey: BLM Cadastral Survey Information
- National Society of Professional Surveyors (NSPS): NSPS Surveying Resources
- USGS National Map: USGS National Map
References
- “Principles and Procedures of the United States National Geodetic Survey: Rehabilitation and Development.” U.S. Government Printing Office.
- “Manual of Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States.” U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
Suggested Books
- “Surveying for Civil and Mine Engineers” by John Walker - An extensive guide covering surveying methodologies including the Rectangular Survey System.
- “Boundary Control and Legal Principles” by Curtis M. Brown - Essential book detailing boundary law principles.
- “Evidence and Procedures for Boundary Location” by Donald A. Wilson - Comprehensive handbook on procedures used in boundary location and surveying.
- “Professional Surveyor’s Manual” by Robert W. Foster - Offers vital information on professional surveying practices, including the Rectangular Survey System.
